Climate Change and Human Health for Present- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theClimate Change and Human Health for Present. Answer: McMichael T, Montgomery H, Costello A. Health risks, present and future, from global climate change. BMJ. 2012 Mar 19;344:e1359.1 In the above stated journal, Tony Mc Michael, who is a professor of population health (National Health and medical research Council) and his colleagues have tried to outline the climatic risks that that climate change is posing on the life of humans, now and also in the near future. It is very obvious that the human actions are bringing about changes in the climate. The scope of this article is to provide the ill effects of global warming on human health. According to the author the global temperature should not exceed 2C . As per the international energy authority; the door to the 2 degree is closing. Therefore the emission has to be hugely curtailed. According to the author the climatic change would bring about unpredictable weather and would hamper the stability of the climate. The immediate and the direct risks that can occur are extreme weather events, alteration in the air quality such as the increase in the concentration of the ozone in the ground level. For example it has been reported that climate change had already doubled the chance that a heat wave as dangerous as the European heat wave of 2003 is likely to occur again. In has been reported that the intergovernmental panel on climatic change had prepared special report on management of the risks of the extreme climatic conditions and disasters and have confirmed that the frequency of the heat wave is likely to increase in different regions. It has also been estimated that the heavy precipitation will occur often, the speed of the wind of the tropical cyclone will increase in the tropical regions. As per the author indirect risks can occur like affecting the ecological and the biophysical systems, the growth rate of the bacteria. Critics have also supported some contradictory facts like the climatic change would bring health benefits to some people like it would bring about milder winters, which might reduce the death rates in out of influenza or the cardiovascular disease in the countries with temperate climate. They have indicated that mosquito population might reduce if the region becomes more arid. Moreover it can be said that, the impacts of the climatic changes on health is anticipated to be increasingly negative. Thus urgent action at the national and the international level is required to reduce the emission of the green house gases and adaptive techniques are to be taken to deal with the health effects which cannot be avoided. Bellard C, Bertelsmeier C, Leadley P, Thuiller W, Courchamp F. Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity. Ecology letters. 2012 Apr 1;15(4):365-77.2 In this review the author has tried to investigate the possible effects of the climatic change that can function at individual, population, community, species, ecosystem and the biome level. The report notably shows that species can adapt to the climatic challenges by altering their climatic niche. The following review has highlighted the challenges in the future research regarding the alteration in the biodiversity. The review shows that the recent estimates of the researches are variable, which depend on the taxonomic group, methods, biodiversity loss metrics and the time period. Predictions can lead the scientists to support the adoption of the proactive strategies in order to save the biodiversity. Although, there is a very limited proof of the current extinction of biodiversity caused by the climatic change, it has been estimated that in the next few decades the climatic change might cause severe destruction of the habitat. According to this article that climatic change might bring about phenotypical change in the flowering plants and the pollinating agents, which can cause mismatches between the pollinators and the plant population, which can cause extinction in the plant. A recent analysis shows that a large portion of the Amazon rain forest would be replaced by the savannah grassland. Such changes would obviously bring changes in the flora and the fauna of the particular place. This article clearly defines some of the changes that can take place in the near future and thus helps to make the probable strategies. It also provides with the criteria that IUCN has developed to assess the risk of extinction in their Red List. Experiments and observational data have been employed in order to generate relationships between importance of the global drivers and alteration in the species loss. The limitation of theses predictive tools is that each of the modeling approaches has spatial, methodological and temporal limitations that restrain the predictive power. Cheng JJ, Berry P. Health co-benefits and risks of public health adaptation strategies to climate change: a review of current literature. International journal of public health. 2013 Apr 1;58(2):305-11.3 In this review the author had mentioned about the different public health strategies that have been found to respond to the climatic changes. This review is on the current literature regarding the health benefits and the associated risks in order to get a better knowledge about the how they can affect the health. This journal provides with the information that a literature review has been conducted electronically. Many literatures have been reviewed, that address the health benefits and the risks of climatic change. According to the author, climatic change poses a serious threat to the public health. Different human activities, like burning of the fossil fuel are thought to be the key factor responsible for the climatic changes. The review has identified a range of heath conditions like the increased rate of cardiopulmonary disease, allergies, infections and mental illness. It has been reported that temperature changes, extreme weather and changes in precipitation, air pollution can bring about critical conditions in the public health. In the following journal the author critically reviews about the different adaptation strategies that have been taken up to combat with the extreme weather changes, air pollution. The different strategies that have been taken up, like increasing the shielding, to establish the hot weather response plans, check on the peers and the neighbors during the heat waves. Maintenance and improvement of the disaster management program provide information to the public regar ding the actions to reduce air pollution. The article has also discussed about the general transferrable public health measures that would help to address the impact of the climatic change. The author has emphasized on the scopes of the future researches, which would focus on the long and the short term, positive and the negative results of the adaptation. Baker-Austin C, Campos CJ, Turner A, Higman W, Lees D. Impacts of climate change on human health. MCCIP Sci. Rev. 2013;2013:257-62.4 The above journal is based on how climatic changes can affect the marine life which can bring about detrimental effects in human health. This report focuses on the fact that pathogenic vibrios are being isolated routinely from the UK shell fishes and the water bodies that are affecting the life of the humans. Future health risks associated with the marine environment are difficult to predict, as they are dependent upon several complex factors and are mainly based on incomplete date sets. For example the transmissions of many diseases that are caused mainly due to the changes in the climate depend largely on the demographic and the ecological conditions and to extent on the human immunity. According to the article, the temperature of the marine climate is changing as a result; the microbial population of the water is also altering. For example, in UK, an increase in the harmful algal population has been noticed, which may be due to the rise in the water temperature. Ingestion of the algal toxin can prove lethal to the human health. Climatic warming had led to the development of Protoceratium reticulatum in the UK waters, which is a producer of YTX toxin. Pandemic strains of pathogenic vibrios have also been found to be isolated from the waters that are linked to the global temperature rise of the water. The article says that the sea surface temperature has brought about phenotypic shifts among the diatoms to dinoflagellates, which indicates a large shift in the composition of the marine community. The article has been critically analyzed and can be said that joined-up datasets about the clinical cases associated with marine world is lacking. Furthermore the recent climate model is made on a spatial-temporal scale that is too uncouth to determine its impact on the marine environment. Greater researches are required to gain knowledge about the specific pathogenic strains and the toxins. McMichael AJ. Globalization, climate change, and human health. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013 Apr 4;368(14):1335-43.5 The following journal aims to describe the global climate change and its effect on human health. The article had emphasized that global climate change is a part of the anthropocene syndrome of global environment change which is human induced, which includes ocean acidification, land degradation, ozone depletion. The green house gases emitted from the factories and the burning oil fossil fuels has brought about global warming. It has been reported that most of the global warming is due to the human activities. The global emission of the carbon dioxide has increased over the years, which have brought about rise in the sea levels, melting of the arctic sea and extreme weather conditions. The article had also given an estimation that the average global temperature will rise by 1 to 2C by 2050 and 3 to 4C by 2100. An average rise in the temperature of about 4C would bring consequences that the world had not experienced in millions of years. The article proposed that the rainfall pattern w ould change. Droughts will be common. The article has provided with a three way classification in order to determine the risks on public health. The article has discussed about the extreme climate due to the climatic phenomena like the El Nino. The influence of the climate on the environmental and the social systems that would a affect the water supply, the food yield and the disease pattern. The temperate countries might become hotter, which can increase the health related deaths. The article also discuses about the health risks and the climate change mitigation and the adaptations that can be opted to reduce the risks. Furthermore it can be concluded that conceptual insights are required beyond the conventional understanding of the cause and the prevention of the health risks. References McMichael T, Montgomery H, Costello A. Health risks, present and future, from global climate change. BMJ. 2012 Mar 19;344:e1359. Bellard C, Bertelsmeier C, Leadley P, Thuiller W, Courchamp F. Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity. Ecology letters. 2012 Apr 1;15(4):365-77. Cheng JJ, Berry P. Health co-benefits and risks of public health adaptation strategies to climate change: a review of current literature. International journal of public health. 2013 Apr 1;58(2):305-11. Baker-Austin C, Campos CJ, Turner A, Higman W, Lees D. Impacts of climate change on human health. MCCIP Sci. Rev. 2013;2013:257-62. McMichael AJ. Globalization, climate change, and human health. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013 Apr 4;368(14):1335-43.